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terça-feira, 6 de janeiro de 2009

Santos Reis Magos


Reis Magos, santos esquecidos dentro das tradições do Natal


Das figuras bíblicas mais intimamente ligadas à tradição religiosa do povo destacam-se os Reis Magos, ou melhor, os Santos Reis uma vez que a hagiologia romana considera-os bem aventurados.

O simbolismo dos Reis Magos é amplo e emprestam-lhes os exegetas as mais diversas interpretações. Estão ligados intimamente às festas do Natal e deles nasceu, praticamente, a tradição do Papai Noel, pois os presentes dados nessa ocasião reproduzem que os magos do Oriente, depois de cumprida a rota que lhes indicava a estrela de Belém, prestaram a Jesus na gruta onde ele nascera.

As referências bíblicas são vagas e o episódio quase passa despercebido dos evangelistas, mas as contribuições da tradição patriática são muitas e, como elas têm força de fé e verdade, nelas devemos buscar grande parte das coisas que se contam dos santos Belchior, Gaspar e Baltazar já referidos pelos profetas do Velho Testamento, que vaticinavam a homenagem dos Reis ao humilde filho de Davi que deveria nascer em Belém.

De onde vieram e o que buscavam, pouca gente sabe. Vinham do Oriente e Baltazar, o mago negro talvez viesse de Sabá (terra misteriosa que seria o sul da Península Arábica ou, como querem os etíopes, a Abissínia). Simbolizam também as três unicas raças bíblicas, isso é, os semitas, jafetitas e camitas. Uma homenagem, pois, de todos os homens da Terra ao Rei dos Reis.

Eram magos, isto é, astrólogos e não feiticeiros. Naquele tempo a palavra mago tinha esse sentido, confundindo-se também com os termos sábio e filósofo. Eles prescrutavam o firmamento e sentiram-se chocados com a presença de um novo astro e, cada um deles, deixando suas terras depois de consultar seus pergaminhos e papiros cheios de palavras mágicas e fórmulas secretas, teve a revelação de que havia nascido o novo Rei de Judá e, que ele, como soberano, deveria, também, prestar seu preito ao menino que seria o monarca de todos os povos, embora o seu Reino não fosse deste mundo.

O simbolismo dos presentes

Conta ainda a tradição que, ao chegar a Canaã, indagaram os Magos onde havia nascido o novo Rei de Judá. Essa pergunta preocupou Herodes, que hoje seria considerado um quisting a serviço dos romanos, e que reinava na Judéia.

Os representantes do Império preocupavam-se com o aparecimento de um novo lider do povo de Israel. A revolta dos macabeus ainda não fora esquecida e o povo oprimido esperava, ansioso, pela vinda do Messias que iria libertar o Povo de Deus e cumprir a palavra do salmista: "Disse o Senhor ao meu Senhor — senta-te à minha direita até que ponho os teus amigos como escarbelo aos teus pés".

Os magos procuram — conforme conselho de Herodes — o novo Rei para render-lhe homenagem e para informar o representante romano do lugar onde nascera o Messias a fim de, com falso preito, sequestrá-lo.

No presépio encontramos apenas os animais e os pastores e, inspirados pelo Espírito Santo, curvaram-se diante do filho do carpinteiro de Nazaré e depositaram, ao pé da mangedoura que lhe servia de berço, os presentes: ouro, incenso e mirra, isto é prendas que simbolizavam a realeza, a divindade e a imortalidade do novo Rei, e grão de areia que cresceria e derrubaria o ídolo de pés de barro (simbolo das grandes potências que se sucederam no domínio do mundo), do sonho de Nabucodonosor decifrado pelo profeta Daniel.

Símbolos da humildade

Na tradição cristã os três Reis Magos simbolizavam os poderosos que deveriam curvar-se diante dos humildes na repetição real do canto da Virgem Maria à sua prima Isabel, e "Magnificat", pois sua alma rejubilava-se no Senhor, que exaltaria os pequenos de Israel e humilharia os poderosos.

A igreja cultua os Reis Magos dentro desse simbolismo. Representam os tronos, os potentados, os senhores da Terra que se curvara diante de Cristo, reconhecendo-lhe a divina realeza. É a busca dos poderosos que vêem em Belchior, Gaspar e Baltazar o exemplo de submissão aos designios de Deus e que devem, como os magos, despojar-se de seus bens e depositá-los aos pés dos demais seres humanos, partilhando sua fortuna como dignos despenseiros de Deus.

Os presentes de Natal também têm esse sentido. São as ofertas dos adultos à criança que com a sua pureza representa Jesus. Alguns, dão a essas festas um sentido mitológico pagão, buscando nas cerimônias dos druidas, dos germânicos ou saturnais romanas a pompa das festas natalinas que culminam com a Epifania.

A Bifana

A palavra epifania, usada também como nome de mulher, deu origem a uma corruptela dialetal do sul da Itália, levada depois a Portugal e Espanha, a Bifana. A Bifana, segundo a lenda, era uma velha que, no dia de Reis, saía pelas ruas da cidades a entregar presentes aos meninos que tivessem sido bons durante o ano que findara. Estava intimamente ligada às tradições dos povos mediterrâneos e mais próxima do significado litúrgico das festas natalícias. Os presentes eram somente dados no dia 6 de janeiro e nunca antes. Tanto assim é, que nós mesmos, no Brasil, na nossa infância, recebíamos os presentes nesse dia. Depois, com a influência francesa e inglesa em nossas tradições a Epifania ou Bifana foi substituída pelo Papai Noel, a quem muitos estudiosos atribuem uma origem pagã e outros, para disfarçar o sentido comercial da sua presença no dia de Natal, confundem com São Nicolau.

Hoje, o Santos Reis já não são lembrados. O presépio praticamente não existe e só neles é que podemos ver os Magos de Oriente apresentados. A árvore de Natal, pinheiro que os druidas e os feutos enfeitavam para agradar o terrível deus do inverno Hell, substituíria a representação do nascimento de Jesus, introduzida no costume dos povos por São Francisco de Assis. A festa da Epifania, dia de guarda no calendário litúrgico, já não mais é respeitada e com ela desaparecerem outras tradições da nossa gente, trazidas da Peninsula Ibérica pelos nossos antepassados, como a folia de Reis, Reizados e tantos outros autos folclóricos, cultuados em poucas regiões do país.

Santos Reis Magos, rogai por nós

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